一年生植物, 多年生植物, and 年生植物 and How to use them in the Garden

Many New Year's resolutions involve turning our thumbs a deeper shade of green and growing more of our own food. But if you’ve already dug into the newly arrived seed catalogs, you may have found a whole horticultural lingo is required for full comprehension.

Mastering the terms annual, biennial and perennial is one of the best places to start. These terms impact what can be planted, when it can be planted, and how long it will stick around.

何谓年度?

一年生植物 are plants that can go through their entire life cycle in one season. 它们发出嫩芽和树叶, 生产花, 水果和种子, 然后在一年内全部死亡. Most garden vegetables and flowers are in this category, 包括西红柿, 辣椒, 南瓜, zinnias, 和宇宙. These plants may also be called summer annuals; they start growing in the spring and die back in the fall. Annual也适用于冬季一年生植物, 或者秋天开始生长的植物, continue through the winter then die back when the temperatures get too warm in the spring and early summer.

什么是多年生植物?

多年生植物 坚持两年以上. 后种植, perennials may not flower and fruit the first year because many require more than one year to complete their life cycle. 草本多年生植物, or perennials without permanent woody stems will grow all season then die back to the roots in the fall. The following year, starting from the same roots, the plant will grow new shoots. These herbaceous perennials include many garden favorites like purple coneflower, black eyed susans and herbs like lavender and lemon balm. 

多年生植物 also include fruit trees and shrubs like apples, 桃子和蓝莓, 含有永久木质茎的植物. 这些多年生木本植物年复一年地生长, elongating and sending out leaves from overwintering buds.

什么是双年展?

年生植物 在两者之间. 它们的生命周期需要两年的时间. Many biennials form a rosette of leaves right at the soil surface during the first growing season, then they return for a second year and send up shoots and flowers. Species in this category include foxgloves, and carrots. A carrot may form a suitable root for eating in year one, but a carrot won't flower and send out seeds until the second growing season, 确实是双年展.

Understanding the differences between these three types of plants seems simple. What complicates this system is that a species is classified as an annual or perennial depending on where it is growing. 例如, a tomato will always be an annual in the mid-Atlantic region, but it grows as perennial in its native region of South and Central America. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has developed a helpful system, 被称为美国农业部植物抗寒区地图, to assist gardeners and farmers on selecting perennials for their locations. The map divides the country into zones determined by the extreme minimum temperatures, 或者一个地区将经历的最低温度. This map divides the United States into 13 zones, each with an “a” zone and a “b” zone. The coldest zone is Zone 1a which can be found far north in Alaska, 最温暖的区域是13b, 发现于波多黎各. The Mid-Atlantic Region has a range of hardiness zones from 5b to 8a depending on latitude, 距离海洋的距离和海拔, all of which have an impact on the minimum temperature. The current USDA Hardiness Zone map was recently updated in 2023, and it can be found at this link: http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/

举个例子, 论如何根据抗寒区选择植物, 紫锥菊, 紫色圆锥花是生长在4-9区的多年生植物, so purple coneflower planted in zone 10 (the southern tip of Florida) may not behave as a perennial, 事实上，它甚至可能不会增长. This is all related to the climate adaptations of each individual species, 以及它自然生长的区域. 这与“本地植物”一词密切相关.” Native plants are plants that have evolved naturally in a particular ecosystem.

The word tender is sometimes used to designate those perennials that need warmer winter temperatures, 比如迷迭香的一些品种. Gardeners can bring these plants indoors for the winter months then return them to their place in the garden when spring arrives. 如温柔的, hardy is sometimes used to designate perennials that are a sure bet to survive the winter. 考虑到气候带, hardy and tender are used to designate those plants that may be slightly out of the climate range of your region, plants that are adapted to slightly warmer or cooler climates than those of your garden but can be successfully grown with some extra care.

Use the hardiness zone for your region as a key for selecting the right plant for the right place. When a perennial species is listed in a seed catalog, 这个物种的耐寒区, 或者它会像多年生植物一样生长, 也会列在描述里吗. In addition to seed catalogs, the tags found on nursery plants will also list this information. Match your garden’s hardiness zone to the correct plant for best results.

引用:

 2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map | USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. planthardiness.农业研究所.美国农业部.政府.

作者:

坎迪斯 DeLong, WVU分机ANR代理 

坎迪斯.delong@mail.西弗吉尼亚大学.edu

304-822-5013